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POLE.DOC
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1988-03-29
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POLE DETERMINATIONS OF ASTEROIDS
Per Magnusson
Astronomiska observatoriet
Box 515
S-75120 Uppsala
Sweden
This is a comprehensive tabulation of determinations of asteroid pole
orientations and senses of rotation. No weeding out of vague or uncertain
results has been made. An indication of the reliability (or lack thereof)
of the solutions may be obtained by comparing results derived from different
sources of data (see column 2). Discussions of the individual pole
determination methods including their merits and weaknesses are given
in the chapter "Determination of Pole Orientations and Shape Parameters of
Asteroids" appearing in this volume.
Explaination of table columns
-----------------------------
ASTEROID NUMBER
BASIC DATA from which pole coordinates, senses of rotation and rejection
of spurious solutions are based are designated by the letters:
A = Amplitudes of lightcurves
D = Individual data-points of photometric lightcurves
E = Epochs (e.g. times of lightcurve extrema)
F = Fourier coefficients of photometric lightcurves
I = Infrared pre- and post-opposition differences
M = Magnitudes (usually at maximum light)
O = Occultation observations
P = Infrared polarimetry
R = Radar observations
S = Speckle interferometry
V = Visual position angles
Z = Zero and non-zero amplitude apparitions imply pole-on view in former case
POLE COORDINATES are given in the ecliptical reference frame of equinox 1950.
For symmetry reasons, two pole solutions often result for main-belt asteroids
,
thus two sub-columns are tabulated. In order to simplify comparison between
results, the coordinates always refer to the pole above the orbital plane,
and the pole longitude is occasionally given outside the range 0-360 degrees.
The spin direction is indicated by proceeding the coordinates with the
letter "N" if they refer to the north pole (direction of spin-vector) and
the letter "S" if the coordinates refer to the south pole (anti-direction of
spin-vector). The word "rejected" indicates a pole solution shown to be
inconsistent with observations. A pole solution within parenthesis is
significantly less likely than the other solution.
SENSE OF ROTATION:
- Sense of rotation not determined
P Prograde rotation
R Retrograde rotation
I Indeterminate case
The sense of rotation is termed "Indeterminate" (I) when the spin direction
is known, but the accuracy of the pole coordinates is insufficient to give
an unambigous sense of rotation, or the pole is so close to the ecliptic
and/or orbital plane that forced precession is likely to cause the sense of
rotation to alternate on a time-scale short compared to the age of the
planetary system.
SIDEREAL PERIOD in days. Due to the usually non-uniform time-distribution of
the observations sidereal periods tend to be either very accurate or, when
the number of rotation cycles is wrongly determined, erroneous by hundreds
of times the expected uncertainty.
MODEL. Many pole determination methods are based on a tri-axial ellipsoid model
with semi-axes a>b>c which rotates about the c-axis. Corrections for non-
geometric scattering and albedo variegation have often not been made. A
warning must therefore be made against direct identification of the model
axis-ratios with the asteroid shape. Values within parenthesis are assumed
model parameters and not determine values. An "A" indicates a quantitative
model of albedo variegation. The table is not a comprehensive list of
asteroid shapes and albedo models, but includes models obtained as by-product
s
of pole determinations.
REFERENCE CODE referring to the reference list.
Acknowledgements
----------------
I thank Drs. R. Taylor, D.F. Lupishko and F.P. Velichko for pointing out
several mistakes and omissions in an earlier version of the table and
Dr. J. Drumond who sent unpublished results.